This is to help with the attached paper. It is a plan to help my research diabetes with $1,000 USD
budget. I can do anything as long as the outcome matches the statistics from the paper all facts have to be true the only thing that is imaginary is the $1,000 USD. It can be with medical supplies, expenses, with the home, medication or an advertisement for example flyers to help with statistics from the paper. I am helping parents with children with diabetics. Also the cost to rent a building.
Article Review
Gabrielle Cruz
St. Francis College
Course
October 30, 2015
Aye, T., Reiss, A. L., Kesler, S., Hoang, S., Drobny, J., Park, Y., & Buckingham, B. A. (2011). The feasibility of detecting neuropsychologic and neuroanatomical effects of type 1 diabetes in young children. Diabetes Care, 34(7), 1458-1462.
This article investigates on any possibility that frequent exposures to type 1 diabetes may be linked to any form of neuropsychologic and neuroanatomical effects. The research design involved cross-sectional studies of young children of ages 3 to 10 years suffering from type 1 diabetes who were subjected to MRI and neuropsychologic testing. The results indicated that for those children who had or were suffering from type 1 diabetes, they experienced seizures and reduced grey and white matter compared to those who had never experienced seizures. Type 1 diabetes commonly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is due to the destruction of the beta cells that are responsible for the production of insulin.
From the article, it was evident that type 1 diabetes is probably linked to neuropsychologic and neuroanatomical defects. When exposed to test of standard score points of 1 to 3, the results showed that they scored lower pints which in many cases cannot be diagnosed clinically. The result conform to other test which indicated that although there were some connection, the defects where somehow connected because previous experiments. Studies show that 90% of preschool age kids are exposed to more than two hours of media time every day. Perhaps the likely reason being that diabetes is linked to obesity and high exposure to television and as a result children over the age of two should be limited to media exposure and should only be allowed to have a screen time of 1-2 hours. If effective measures are not devised to manage some of this conditions especially those relating to neural defects, the conditions are likely to prolong and affect the young children as they grow and continue with their life. Similarly, they are also likely to suffer emotional problems because of the attention they attract from their peers.
de Goffau, M. C., Fuentes, S., van den Bogert, B., Honkanen, H., de Vos, W. M., Welling, G. W., … & Harmsen, H. J. (2014). Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children. Diabetologia, 57(8), 1569-1577.
This article seeks on investigating on the association between aberrant gut microbiota and type 1 diabetes. This is because very little is known on the topic. The method used in the analysis mainly involved analysis of gut microbiota composition that had been established by phylogenetic microarray analysis. Result from the test indicated that in pairs younger than 2.9 years, children suffering from type 1 diabetes had an increased chances of having the Bacilli and to be specific streptococci and those of the phylum Bacteriodetes. Clostridium class was also seen.
The interpretation of this was that in comparison, children who were non-diabetic had a balanced microbiota compared to those with type 1 diabetes. It should also be noted that normally, the microbiota play an important role in the stomach and various regions where they are located. They specifically aid in easing digestion process in the stomach and thus make the required nutritious component to be more bioavailable at the required sites of absorption. It is therefore important that their quantities be kept at a moderate rate because any fluctuation in number can result to negative effect on the young child, for instance causing infections. Conclusively, effective in providing some of the important details relating to the role of parents as far as managing of the condition in young children is concerned because generally, they have an important role to play.
Grigsby-Toussaint, D. S., Lipton, R., Chavez, N., Handler, A., Johnson, T. P., & Kubo, J. (2010). Neighborhood Socioeconomic Change and Diabetes Risk Findings from the Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry. Diabetes care, 33(5), 1065-1068.
The article is on a research aimed at investigating whether the social economic patterns in Chicago were related to the distribution of diabetes risk among youths. The research took incidences of youth diabetes for over a period of 30 years. The methods used included identification of cases of diabetes for youth under the age of 17. Following the increase in diabetic cases in youths and the evidence on the association of diabetes with the environment, the study was carried out to proof the relation through longitudinal methods. The Chicago childhood diabetes registry is the source of most data used in the study. The cases were classified into type 1 and 2 related on the clinical indicators.
To study the neighborhood social economic characteristics that are associated to diabetes, they study the diversity of income by use of data from us census from 1970 to 2000. The results showed that factors like race, sex, and ethnicity affected the percentage of diabetes based on the neighborhood. Most male subjects who were living in high income neighbor hoods were at a lower risk of type 2 diabetes while there is increased risk of type 1 in youths living in desertification neighborhoods. The study was however challenged by uncertainty about the medical records and less valid information concerning income levels.
Hilliard, M. E., Monaghan, M., Cogen, F. R., & Streisand, R. (2011). Parent stress and child Behaviour among young children with type 1 diabetes. Child: care, health and development, 37(2), 224-232.
Besides the diabetic children standing a high chance of experiencing social and psychological problems, the author also cites that the parents to the young children who are usually diagnosed with diabetes risk suffering from elevated levels of stress because they are tasked with executing complex daily management regimens. Children with diabetes usually record behavior problems and metabolic control challenges and this is likely to have an impact on the parent’s well-being. In his experiment, the author analyzed parents of 2 to 6 year old children with type 1 diabetes and analyzed their medical records. The results in turn indicated that there were evidence of moderate levels of stress to child behavior problems.
According to the article, many parents further confirmed that children’s misbehavior can tend to be very problematic and specifically when it comes to children behaviors related to bead and meal time controls. In conclusion, the author therefore acknowledges that levels of stress experienced by the parents of those children suffering from type 1 diabetes is closely linked to their behavior especially for the case of very problematic children’s. This is because the parents have to do a lot as a means of ensuring proper management. In the long run, it is also evident that the parents experiences when dealing with developmentally normative misbehavior is likely to interfere with disease management and as a result resulting to exacerbate parents stress and thus affecting his or her general well-being. In this article, the authors also acknowledges that it is important that the though parents have an important role to play as far as ensuring effective treatment for the children are concerned. Similarly, it is important that they manage their stress levels as this will be key in ensuring that they can effectively live to the expectations.
Monaghan, M., Herbert, L. J., Wang, J., Holmes, C., Cogen, F. R., & Streisand, R. (2015). Mealtime Behavior and Diabetes-Specific Parent Functioning in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes.
This article aims at investigating on the challenges faced by diabetic parents whose children are suffering from the condition. It thus seeks to establish the association among diabetic-specific parents functioning, parents and child mealtime behavior. According to the results, it was evident that child meantime behavior are associated with poorer glycemic control and was more paramount in frequent problematic child. The author therefore indicate that one of the major challenge to glycemic control is usually problematic child meantime behavior such as disruptive behavior and at times parent may engage in ineffective.
The author effectively indicates that Diabetes characterized by dysregulation of insulin release by beta cells with insulin resistance in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles, liver and the brain. It is usually present in overweight and obese individuals. Management strategies so as to meet glycemic recommendations and as a result avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Additionally, the research show that future research may look into the appropriate behavioral strategies to manage the meals and snacks and as a result promote optimal management of the condition. Similarly, the author in this case is also effectively able to show that indeed parents have an important role to play as far as management of type 1 mealtime behavior is concerned in young children. Additionally, since eating patterns are mostly influenced by cultural and individual factors, the author identifies that factors most of the interventions are also focused in this area.
Monaghan, M., Hilliard, M. E., Cogen, F. R., & Streisand, R. (2011). Supporting parents of very young children with type 1 diabetes: Results from a pilot study. Patient education and counseling, 82(2), 271-274.
This article looks at the efficacy of a telephone based intervention that is used by parents of the young children suffering from type 1 diabetes. The major goal therefore being that it is aimed at improving the overall parental quality of life. This according to the author can mainly be enhanced through reduction of stress levels on the parents, increased social support and the general quality management of the diabetic children. Parents need to learn the real dangers of type 1 diabetes and its life threatening consequences such as early death. They need to be educated that all of these serious diseases can be avoided by a change in diet and lifestyle as this will be key in the disease management
Similarly, tackling the challenge on type 1 diabetes heavily depend on various factors. The solution for these problems will, therefore, take place in health care settings providing pharmacological therapy and counseling for children and parents; in schools, day care centers and local parks by providing physical activity intervention; at local grocery stores and at the dinner table of every household by changing the fast food culture. Finally, through a telephone-based intervention which focuses on the child’s development, coping skills and ability to solve various problems, the desired goal can be achieved. Lastly, the most alarming fact is that the current generation, because of the increased rates of diabetes obesity, unhealthy eating habits and lack of physical activity, may have a shorter life span than their parents. It is therefore integral that care be taken to ensure that the trend is reversed and many lives saved. The writing is therefore effective in showing the efficacy of a telephone based intervention that is used by parents of the young children suffering from type 1 diabetes.
Niedel, S., Traynor, M., Tamborlane, W., Acerini, C., & McKee, M. (2013). Developing parent expertise: A framework to guide parental care following diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in a young child. Journal of health services research & policy, 1355819613475602.
This article examines how health care professionals such as nurses and physicians are involved in providing guidance and knowledge which is used in the development diagnostic tools for type 1 diabetes mellitus for young children. From the article it was evident that most important aspect when it comes to management of diabetes is self-management concept. This involves their empowering to make important decisions that will affect the child, additionally, it is important for this strategies to go in line with the recommendations given by healthcare professionals.
The author further identifies some strategies that can be adopted as far as the reflection of knowledge by parent on the child’s health is concerned. Among this goals strategies include, setting high expectations, trial and error to handle any uncertainties, recognition of patterns so as to be able to prevent episodes of hypoglycemia which can be a major cause of fear for parents and pro-active management. Many affected by the conditions do not only have the specific insulin disorders, but their beta cells are not well adapted to secrete the insulin response to the elevated levels of plasma. The past three decades have witnessed a significant increase in the total patient number due to type one diabetes. Therefore, it is a global challenge to many economies. The writing is therefore effective in providing some of the important details relating to the role of parents as far as managing of the condition in young children is concerned because generally, they have an important role to play and as a result, they should not be taken for granted.
Patton, S. R., Dolan, L. M., Chen, M., & Powers, S. W. (2013). Dietary adherence and mealtime behaviors in young children with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(2), 258-262.
According to the article by Patton, Dolan, Chen & Powers, diet is a very important component when it comes to treatment and management of diabetes. This study therefore seek to examine the diet, mealtime behavior and glucose control of 39 children who are on insulin intensive therapy. He article further acknowledge that Parents eating habits and family’s food culture have a direct and long lasting impact on a child’s food choices and this is likely to be reflected on the child’s behavior. Diet is important for instance because high intake of cholesterol and sugary products such as chocolate is likely going to mean increased sugar levels in the body beyond the actual amount that the body can comfortably regulate. It is these events and failure of the required body corrective measures that leads to the onset of the conditions.
The author therefore effectively shows in the article in order to simplify dietary management in type 1 diabetes, Insulin therapy can be very effective. Children during their early development stages are hard to control because young children show neophobia, unpredictable appetite and food refusal. Similarly, the likes of fast food, technological advances, vending machine snacks and fewer home cooked meals are an important consideration because due to their sugary nature, many small children are likely to show preference to them yet their impact have no advantage on the child’s body. As a suggestion to parents, the author suggests measures such as behavioral nutrition education which are aimed at teaching them about the effective strategies that can be adopted for the management of the condition and how their child can in turn meet the daily recommended energies, fat and carbohydrates.
Stallwood, L. (2006). Relationship between caregiver knowledge and socioeconomic factors on glycemic outcomes of young children with diabetes.Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 11(3), 158-165.
The author in this article acknowledge that type 1 diabetes is among the chronic diseases that affect many people around the world. Among the most common cause is that the disease results from destruction of Islet cells of the pancreases and thus loss in Insulin production. The affected children as a result are therefore likely to develop and maintain a host behavior. Adequate knowledge of the management strategies are thus the key in ensuring that the affected children receive the most appropriate care. Provision of the parents with adequate knowledge will ensure that they can use the same knowledge to the benefits of the ailing children’s.
In this case, the authors studied 79 caregivers of affected children who had been responsible for them for over 9 years. The results indicated that most of their knowledge was linked to lower hemoglobin levels. Similarly, family structures for instance in the case of single mothers is likely to influence metabolic control of children with type 1 diabetes. For instance, for children with single mothers, there were poor control compared to two-parent families. Parents are fundamentally responsible for a child’s health and overall development. They are a key influence and most often, a role model for the child. Therefore, empowerment of parents and caregivers is critical to achieve the objective of resolving childhood obesity. This measures will ensure that the trajectories are reversed and many more lives saved.
Streisand, R., & Monaghan, M. (2014). Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Challenges, Research, and Future Directions. Current diabetes reports, 14(9), 1-9.
This article analyzes some of the challenges that are likely faced by young children suffering from type 1 diabetes. Statistics indicated there show that it is among the most commonly diagnosed conditions in childhood and occur at a ratio of 1:400-600. In the recent times, the numbers of those suffering from the condition has even increased with new diagnosis of up to 15 to 20 % affecting children under the age of 5. It is characterized by dysregulation of insulin release by beta cells with insulin resistance in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles, liver and the brain. It is usually present in overweight and obese individuals.
According to the data, indices indicate that approximately 36 % of children fail to meet the ADA goal and thus they have several physiological challenges. Among this challenges include problems in the restoration of beta cells functions and therefore meaning that insulin therapy will be very essential. Neurocognitive consequences are also recorded as among the challenges that are likely experienced. Similarly, dietary intake and mealtime behaviors form an integral part when it comes to the general management of type 1 diabetes. Because of poor eating habits in some children, High cholesterol levels in the body increase one’s susceptibility to cardiovascular infections among other types of disorders. Similarly, More than 75% of children ages 10 and below with type 1 diabetes are likely to develop obesity. Other consequences of childhood obesity include breathing problems, musculoskeletal discomfort and heartburn. Conclusively, the writing are therefore very effective in showing that there are various challenges that the affected aggregates undergo, The shame and lack of social acceptance keep these children away from the classrooms and affect their academic performance.

References
Aye, T., Reiss, A. L., Kesler, S., Hoang, S., Drobny, J., Park, Y., & Buckingham, B. A. (2011). The feasibility of detecting neuropsychologic and neuroanatomical effects of type 1 diabetes in young children. Diabetes Care, 34(7), 1458-1462.
de Goffau, M. C., Fuentes, S., van den Bogert, B., Honkanen, H., de Vos, W. M., Welling, G. W., … & Harmsen, H. J. (2014). Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children. Diabetologia, 57(8), 1569-1577.
Grigsby-Toussaint, D. S., Lipton, R., Chavez, N., Handler, A., Johnson, T. P., & Kubo, J. (2010). Neighborhood Socioeconomic Change and Diabetes Risk Findings from the Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry. Diabetes care, 33(5), 1065-1068.
Hilliard, M. E., Monaghan, M., Cogen, F. R., & Streisand, R. (2011). Parent stress and child Behaviour among young children with type 1 diabetes. Child: care, health and development, 37(2), 224-232.
Monaghan, M., Herbert, L. J., Wang, J., Holmes, C., Cogen, F. R., & Streisand, R. (2015). Mealtime Behavior and Diabetes-Specific Parent Functioning in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes.
Monaghan, M., Hilliard, M. E., Cogen, F. R., & Streisand, R. (2011). Supporting parents of very young children with type 1 diabetes: Results from a pilot study. Patient education and counseling, 82(2), 271-274.
Niedel, S., Traynor, M., Tamborlane, W., Acerini, C., & McKee, M. (2013). Developing parent expertise: A framework to guide parental care following diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in a young child. Journal of health services research & policy, 1355819613475602.
Patton, S. R., Dolan, L. M., Chen, M., & Powers, S. W. (2013). Dietary adherence and mealtime behaviors in young children with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin therapy. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113(2), 258-262.
Stallwood, L. (2006). Relationship between caregiver knowledge and socioeconomic factors on glycemic outcomes of young children with diabetes.Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 11(3), 158-165.
Streisand, R., & Monaghan, M. (2014). Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Challenges, Research, and Future Directions. Current diabetes reports, 14(9), 1-9.