Linguistics

Please answer the following question precisely and correctly. Some questions do not require a paragraph format just 1-2 sentences to anwer the question. This is a term paper for my class and its work 60% of my grade. The following document have been uploaded. Make sure to answer all the following questions. I want the question written boldly with the answers below. There is an article that needs to be used the answer question 2. I will upload that as well. 1. Autumn 2015 Comprehensive Exam 1) In paragraph, prose form, describe four reasons why single-subject designs have become popular in clinical research. In particular, think about these two main issues: a) By what means do single-subject designs permit experimental control, i.e. strengthen internal validity? b) How do single-subject designs facilitate evidenced-based practice, i.e. using information in the scientific literature to make clinical decisions about a particular client? -->Give each reason a few well-written sentences. They should not take long paragraphs. -->Please do NOT provide more than 4 reasons. If you provide 5 or more I will ignore everything after the first four. Choose your best ones and write about those only. If you would like a review of these issues, you might find this article helpful: Thompson, C. K. (2006). Single subject controlled experiments in aphasia: The science and the state of the science. Journal of Communication Disorders, 39, 266-291. The LIU library provides full-text access to this journal. 2) Now, consider the following study: Fisher, K. V., Ligon, J., Sobecks, J. L., & Roxe, D. M. (2001). Phonatory effects of body fluid removal. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 354-367. See also a few technical comments below. ln paragraph, prose form, identify four specific ways in which this study addresses issues of internal and external validity. Please include at least one example for both forms of validity (that is, I don't want four points on internal validity, with no consideration of external, or vice versa). As before, if you provide five or more items I will ignore everything after the fourth. Again, a few sentences on each point should suffice. 3) Fisher et al. perform selective use of ANOVAs to evaluate phonatory behavior over time. a) Why is the ANOVA an appropriate statistical test for these data? That is, why an ANOVA and not, say, a t-test or correlation? b) On the day of the comps, you will receive two sets of statistical values (F and p) following the format of what is presented in the first results paragraph but with different numbers. You will be asked to identify which set of statistical results represents statistical significance, and explain your answer. Significant or not? What do good p- and F-values look like? Grading: Question 1: Four reasons x 4 points each = 16 points total. Question 2: Four methods x 4 points each = 16 points total. Question 3a: Why ANOVA? 4 points. Question 3b: Significant or not? How can you tell based on the p- and F-values? 4 points. Organization and written form: 10 points. 50 points total.